RRhetoric
← The Field GuideThe Rhetoric Field Guide

Address & Argument

Apostrophe

uh-POS-truh-fee / əˈpɒstrəfi

Turning from the real audience to address someone absent, dead, or something non-human: 'O wild West Wind.' The turn dramatizes feeling too big for the room, and makes the reader an overhearer.

"O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?"

Don't confuse it with Invocation. Direct address speaks to the present audience ('Reader, I married him' sits between the two); invocation is apostrophe petitioning for aid.

Drill this device — 8 excerpts

In the Reader — 8 excerpts

O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?
— William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet · open the passage →
Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! Rage! Blow! You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout
— William Shakespeare, King Lear · open the passage →
Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
— William Blake, Songs of Experience · open the passage →
Flood-tide below me! I see you face to face!
— Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass · open the passage →
And so I leave it with all of you: Which came out of the opened door—the lady, or the tiger?
— Frank R. Stockton, The Lady, or the Tiger? · open the passage →
Write, for example, 'The night is starry
— Pablo Neruda, Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair · open the passage →
Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of
— Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita · open the passage →
Imagine a ruin so strange it must never have happened. First, picture the forest. I want you to be its conscience, the eyes in the trees.
— Barbara Kingsolver, The Poisonwood Bible · open the passage →

Travels with

Devices that share a passage with apostrophe most often — company reveals character.

Antithesis 3 Parallelism 3 Rhetorical Question 3 Anaphora 3

The rest of the family

Rhetorical Question Invocation Aphorism Enthymeme Correctio / Epanorthosis Parrhesia Metabasis Amplificatio Aporia Enargeia / Vivid Specificity