RRhetoric
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Irony & Understatement

Irony

EYE-ruh-nee / ˈaɪrəni

A gap between what is said and what is meant, between what a character knows and what the audience knows, or between expectation and outcome. Readers who catch the gap feel like insiders.

"Brutus is an honourable man." — Antony, meaning the reverse

Don't confuse it with Paradox. Sarcasm is verbal irony weaponized at a target. Paradox asserts a real contradiction; irony merely means other than it says.

Drill this device — 28 excerpts

In the Reader — 28 excerpts

He kindly stopped for me –
— Emily Dickinson, Poem · open the passage →
Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where,
— Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads · open the passage →
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good
— Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice · open the passage →
I met a traveller from an antique land,
— Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Examiner · open the passage →
Winterbourne was almost grateful for having found the formula that applied to Miss Daisy Miller. She was a flirt—a pretty American flirt. He had never, as yet, had any relations with young ladies of this category.
— Henry James, Daisy Miller · open the passage →
I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it great fun when I played with them.
— Henrik Ibsen, Et dukkehjem (A Doll's House) · open the passage →
You want to go into the world, and you are going empty-handed, with some promise of freedom which men in their simplicity and their natural lawlessness cannot even comprehend.
— Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov (translated by Constance Garnett) · open the passage →
It must be added that she had a very slender repertoire of smiles, and that these were all produced upon the recommendation of her father.
— Henry James, Washington Square · open the passage →
She had wanted to see life, and fortune had favoured her in a manner which now, as she looked about her, struck her as almost grotesque.
— Henry James, The Portrait of a Lady · open the passage →
"Justice" was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess.
— Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles · open the passage →
…secure ancestral halls for the summer. A colonial mansion, a hereditary estate, I would say a haunted house, and reach the height of romantic felicity—but that would be asking too much of fate!
— Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper · open the passage →
…as if he could discern there, in the vast expanse, some promise of happier times; and perhaps he could, for such minds are often the victims of their own imagination.
— Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure · open the passage →
When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse.
— Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie · open the passage →
The daughters of Black Hawk merchants had a confident, unenquiring belief that they were "refined," and that the country girls, who "worked out," were not.
— Willa Cather, My Ántonia · open the passage →
still content to reassemble every winter in the shabby red and gold boxes of the sociable old Academy.
— Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence · open the passage →
…the way of people who dreaded scandal more than disease, who placed decency above courage, and who considered that nothing was more ill-bred than "scenes."
— Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence · open the passage →
"Community, Identity, Stability." The words mocked the gigantic letters in which they were written. The D.H.C. for Central London always made a point of personally …
— Aldous Huxley, Brave New World · open the passage →
Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know. I got a telegram from the home: "Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours." That doesn't mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday.
— Albert Camus, The Stranger · open the passage →
Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice.
— Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude · open the passage →
The art of losing isn't hard to master;
— Elizabeth Bishop, Geography III · open the passage →
of February, 1931, I will take off from Mercy and fly away on my own wings. Please forgive
— Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon · open the passage →
"What you're doing now. Making me feel good."
— Athol Fugard, Master Harold"...and the Boys · open the passage →
My mother's name was Mercy Stone Goodwill. She was only thirty years old when she took sick, a boiling hot day, standing there in her back kitchen, making a Malvern …
— Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries · open the passage →
Manchester County, Virginia, was the first to impose an eight o'clock curfew for black people. Negroes—slave and free—could not be on county roads and paths after eight.
— Edward P. Jones, The Known World · open the passage →

…and 4 more. Meet the rest in the quiz →

Travels with

Devices that share a passage with irony most often — company reveals character.

Litotes 13 Parataxis 11 Antithesis 8 Personification 8 Euphemism 8 Passive Voice 6 Anaphora 6 Apposition / Appositive 6

The rest of the family

Hyperbole Litotes Meiosis / Understatement Bathos Euphemism Periphrasis Apophasis