RRhetoric
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Syntax & Word Order

Passive Voice

The subject receives the action instead of doing it: 'mistakes were made.' The construction can drop the actor entirely, and that omission is always information — modesty, evasion, or anonymity.

"…upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty" — agency diffused into the passive participles

Don't confuse it with. Not every 'to be' + participle is passive ('he was tired' is adjectival); the test is whether an agent has been displaced.

Drill this device — 41 excerpts

In the Reader — 41 excerpts

Now I am ready to tell how bodies are changed
— Ovid, Metamorphoses (translated by A.D. Melville) · open the passage →
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
— John Milton, Paradise Lost · open the passage →
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed
— Thomas Jefferson (Committee of Five), Declaration of Independence · open the passage →
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good
— Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice · open the passage →
that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay before me.
— Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus · open the passage →
I heartily accept the motto, "That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe: "That government is best which governs not at all"
— Henry David Thoreau, Resistance to Civil Government · open the passage →
A throng of bearded men, in sad-colored garments and gray, steeple-crowned hats, intermixed with women, some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes.
— Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter · open the passage →
…the age—the degradation of man by poverty, the ruin of woman by starvation, and the dwarfing of childhood by physical and spiritual night—are not solved...books like this cannot be useless.
— Victor Hugo, Les Misérables · open the passage →
Miss Brooke had that kind of beauty which seems to be thrown into relief by poor dress. Her hand and wrist were so finely formed that she could wear sleeves not less bare of style than those in which the Blessed …
— George Eliot, Middlemarch · open the passage →
The trumpets sounded, and instantly the arena was cleared for the race. The people shouted in a frenzy of gladness, and the earth and the air seemed to tremble with the transport.
— Lew Wallace, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ · open the passage →
It must be added that she had a very slender repertoire of smiles, and that these were all produced upon the recommendation of her father.
— Henry James, Washington Square · open the passage →
It must be added that she had a very slender repertoire of smiles, and that these were all produced upon the recommendation of her father.
— Henry James, Washington Square · open the passage →
Olive Chancellor was unmarried by every implication of her being. She was a spinster as Shelley was a lyric poet, or as the month of August is sultry.
— Henry James, The Bostonians · open the passage →
Books are well written, or badly written.
— Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray · open the passage →
"Justice" was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess.
— Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles · open the passage →
A very little boy stood upon a heap of gravel for the honor of Rum Alley. He was throwing stones at howling urchins from Devil's Row who were circling madly about the heap and pelting at him.
— Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets · open the passage →
The cold passed reluctantly from the earth, and the retiring fogs revealed an army stretched out on the hills, resting. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened, and began to tremble with eagerness at the noise of rumors.
— Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage · open the passage →
The boy stood with his back to the rick, and his eyes fixed on the far horizon, as if he could discern there, in the vast expanse, some promise of happier times; and perhaps he could, for such minds …
— Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure · open the passage →
When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse.
— Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie · open the passage →
A sound is heard that seems to come from the sky, like a breaking harp-string, dying away mournfully.
— Anton Chekhov, The Cherry Orchard · open the passage →
She was so evidently the victim of the civilization which had produced her, that the links of her bracelet seemed like manacles chaining her to her fate.
— Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth · open the passage →
As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed
— Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis (trans. David Wyllie) · open the passage →
She had been walking for some time before she realized what it was that had happened. The streets were empty, the houses shut up, and she was alone.
— Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out · open the passage →
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world
— William Butler Yeats, The Dial · open the passage →

…and 17 more. Meet the rest in the quiz →

Travels with

Devices that share a passage with passive voice most often — company reveals character.

Anaphora 16 Metaphor 14 Parataxis 13 Parallelism 13 Litotes 13 Asyndeton 11 Personification 10 Synecdoche 9

The rest of the family

Hyperbaton Anastrophe Periodic Sentence Cumulative (Loose) Sentence Parataxis Parenthesis Apposition / Appositive Zeugma Hendiadys Pleonasm Enumeration / Accumulatio Cleft Sentence